Journal of Environmental Biology

Influence of elevation and climate on vegetation structure of tropical Montane Forest of Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, Central Western Ghats

S. Vidyashree, K.P. Vijayananda and B.C. Nagaraja*     

Department of Environmental Science, Jnanabharathi campus, Bangalore University, Bangalore-560 056, India

Received: 08 June 2025                   Revised: 06 November 2025                   Accepted: 19 February 2026

*Corresponding Author Email : nagenvi@gmail.com                   *ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1026-5005

Abstract

Aim: This study assessed the effects of elevation and climatic variability on species composition, endemism, and vegetation structure in the montane ecosystems of Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, within the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot.

Methodology: Vegetation data were collected across elevation zones. Tree species were identified, and parameters such as species richness, density, basal area, and endemism were measured. Climatic variables, including mean annual temperature and precipitation, were analyzed. Kernel Density estimation and spearman’s Rank correlation examined relationships between vegetation and climate.

Results: A total of 80 tree species from 33 families were documented, with Lauraceae being the most dominant. Species richness peaked at mid-elevations, aligned with the mid-domain effect. Basal area and density were higher at lower elevations, while endemism increased significantly at higher elevations.

Interpretation: Higher elevations characterised by lower temperatures support the presence of unique endemic species, highlighting a strong link between vegetation structure and climate. These findings underscore the sensitivity of montane ecosystems and emphasize on the need for targeted conservation strategies to protect endangered species amid ongoing climate change.

Key words: Climate variability, Elevation gradient, Species richness, Tropical Montane Forests

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