Ecotoxicological
evaluation of aquaculture and agriculture
sediments
with biochemical biomarkers and bioassays:
Antimicrobial
potential exposure
Mar?a
Arias-Andr?s*, Freylan Mena and Margaret Pinnock
Laboratorio
de Estudios Ecotoxicol?gicos, Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias
T?xicas, Universidad Nacional, 86-3000, Costa Rica
*Corresponding
Author E-mail: maria.arias.andres@una.cr
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Publication Data
Paper received:
29 March 2013
Revised received:
10 June 2013
Accepted:
05 September 2013
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Abstract
Inappropriate
practices and lack of regulations regarding antimicrobial use in agricultural
production of developing countries increase the risk of exposure to aquatic
ecosystems. Sediments may act as sink of antimicrobial compounds and can
provide a historical record of pollution. In the present study, toxic
potential of sediments receiving effluents from a fish farm (TIL1),
rice farm (AZ) and swine farm (RD2) and from a reference natural
wetland (PV) in a tropical dry region was evaluated. According to local
surveys of antimicrobials and national product registries, sites were
classified from highest to lowest potential exposure as following: RD2>TIL1>AZ>PV.?
Both, whole sediment and interstitial water tests, showed a high toxicity of
pig farm sediments to the behavior of Anodontites luteola and the
survival of Daphnia magna (EC50 -48hrs: 2.4 -11.8 %)
(ANOVA, p<0.05). Integrated responses from Cholinesterase activity (ChE),
Gluthathion-S-transferase (GST) and Lipoperoxidation (LPO) measured in A.
luteola tissue pointed at the pig and rice farms as sites influenced by
activities with an intensive use of xenobiotic substances. The assessment of
toxicity pointed at the need of more research on sub-lethal effects of
antimicrobials on aquatic invertebrates. With this purpose, we analyzed
biomarker response of A. luteola to oxytetracycline in vitro and found
a decrease of ChE and GST in concentrations of 100 ?g l-1.
Key
words
Antimicrobial,
Bioassay, Biomarker, Sediment
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